The modelling framework includes biomass cultivation, transport, conversion, distribution and final usage in alternative fuel vehicles (running either on bioethanol or bioelectricity).
According to this perspective, a multi-echelon supply chain is here investigated considering biomass cultivation, transport, conversion into bioethanol or bioelectricity, distribution, and final usage in alternative bifuel (ethanol and petrol) and electric vehicles.
For China as the world's third largest ethanol producer, greenhouse gas emissions of corn ethanol production are analyzed for the entire processes of corn cultivation, ethanol conversion and wastewater treatment.
We discuss the methods for offshore cultivation, harvesting, and conversion of macroalgae biomass into liquid transportation biofuels.
Microalgae cultivation for biofuel conversion is widely treated in literature as it could allow reducing fossil fuel consumptions.
However, microalgal biodiesel faces plenty of challenges that current cultivation and biodiesel conversion is economically unfeasible for industrial applications on a large scale.
The environmental profiles of Imola poplar-derived E100 bioethanol over its whole life cycle from plantation to use as flex fuel vehicle (FFV) fuel are dominated by the cultivation and bioethanol conversion stages, which are responsible for 70 98 % environmental burdens in total (Fig. 6).
Other studies on introduction of the Weimberg pathway into Pseudomonas species and C. glutamicum also showed d-xylonate accumulation during cultivations, and its conversion into 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-xylonate occurred only when other carbon sources were depleted.
Since the recombinant S. cerevisiae does not metabolize cello-oligosaccharides, Novozyme 188 β-glucosidase was added into the cultivations to enable conversion of cellobiose to glucose and subsequent fermentation, while parallel control flasks were not supplemented with Novozyme 188.
