In the high-reward condition, participants were quicker to reorient attention away from the initially cued location, since they were faster for targets in the invalidly cued condition, relative to the validly cued condition (the well-known IOR effect).
A modified version of the task was constructed which cued location using binaural differences in volume instead of phase.
We examined changes in spiking variability of frontal eye field (FEF) neurons in a change detection task requiring monkeys to remember a visually cued location and direct attention to that location while ignoring distracters elsewhere.
The inhibition observed in the majority of neurons when attention was directed back to the fixation point might reflect the decreasing responsiveness at the formerly cued location.
The first important result was that both the onset and the amplitude of the N2pc were unaffected by cue validity, despite the fact that a larger P1 amplitude was observed contralateral to the attended (cued) location.
The ANT-I uses a nonpredictive cue (exogenous) with valid (target at cued location), non-cued (no spatial cue is presented), and invalid (target appears opposite to the cued location) conditions.
As in each of Experiments 1 and 2, individual OSPAN scores interacted with the feature cuing effect only at the validly cued location, r =.393, p =.003.
For this purpose, first, we compared the responses toward the side opposite the cue with the responses to the cued location in the anti-saccade task.
The participants were instructed to attend to the cued location, i.e., the particular Gabor patch (spatial cue) or the fixation cross (neutral cue), while withholding manual responses and saccades (Fig. 1A, B).
The well-established finding is that when the interval between cue and stimulus is short, performance is improved at the cued location (Klein, 2000; Posner & Cohen, 1984; Samuel & Kat, 2003).
