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Both the univariate and bivariate analyses support the idea that Cp values in serum represented a reliable indicator of Cu status responding to chronic Cu exposure and that sex was indeed a factor that modulated the response.
We conclude that Cp values in serum represent a reliable indicator of Cu status and of the host response to Cu exposure.
For copper (Cu) exposure, a natural soil collected at Hygum, Jutland, Denmark was used69,70.
Fish were subsampled at the end of the 7-day acclimation period – just before the commencement of high-level Cu exposure (T0), after 4 h of this Cu exposure (T4), and again after 8 h of this Cu exposure (T8).
Copper (Cu) exposure can increase leaf-associated fungal biomass, an important food component for leaf-shredding macroinvertebrates.
For Cu exposure, the control condition for all the treatments consisted of soil from a control area at Hygum site, which has a Cu background concentration of 15 mg/kg70.
During the high-level Cu exposure, fish pre-exposed to copper had a significantly longer time-to-death than did the control fish.
Based on multivariate analysis the food-web was significantly affected by Cu exposure at and above 300 mg Cu kg− 1 soil (lowest tested concentration).
No obvious neurotoxicity effects were revealed since in both species, no changes in cholinesterasic activity occurred in response to both forms of Cu exposure.
There was no evidence of involvement of Na+/K+-ATPase in the acclimation, as the activity of this enzyme remained lower in the pre-exposed fish than in the control fish throughout both Cu exposure periods.
Laboratory channels were used to study the structural and functional changes in microbial communities after a 4-week Cu exposure period in the presence and absence of pristine biofilms.
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