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Yet his most dramatic endeavour was his summons of the First Crusade at Clermont in 1095, presaged by his earlier meeting with Byzantine envoys in Italy.
On the departure of Frederick I for the Holy Land on a crusade at Easter 1189, Henry took over the government of the empire.
Urban's celebrated call to the Crusade at Clermont Francee) in 1095 was unexpectedly effective, placing him at the head of a large army of volunteers motivated by religious zeal and other more-mundane concerns.
In 1227 he preached in England for the Sixth Crusade at the request of Pope Gregory IX, who effected his elevation to archbishop of Canterbury in 1233 (consecrated April 2 , 1234.
These movements were warmly embraced by the Cluniac pope Urban II when he preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095, which resembled the Peace councils earlier in the century.
In the case of Portugal, Philip's opportunity came when his nephew, King Sebastian of Portugal, lost his life and a great Portuguese army in an ill-prepared Crusade at the Battle of the Three Kings in northern Morocco (1578).
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Christopher J. Tyerman is Professor of the History of the Crusades at Oxford University.
Eyewitness accounts of the First Crusades, at the turn of the eleventh century, testify to atrocities committed.
When I was in Jerusalem, I saw that our tradition of Islamophobia developed, at the time of the crusades, at exactly the same time as our tradition of Jewish anti-Semitism.
President Obama made a remark about The Crusades at the National Prayer Breakfast in February, citing those medieval religious wars as one example of the ways that Christianity, like all other religions, had been used to justify violence.
Dr. Helfand had his share of crusades at Columbia: he waged a long campaign to have a science class added to the core curriculum (he won); he declined tenure, arguing that senior professors' performance should be reviewed every five years by an ad hoc faculty committee (he won for himself, but Columbia kept the tenure system for everybody else).
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