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Crude relationships between the outcome and all exposure variables were then assessed using bivariable logistic regression.
Table 3 summarizes the crude relationships between hypertension in pregnancy and stillbirth.
Table 2 summarizes the crude relationships between hypertension in pregnancy and SGA.
Figure 1 demonstrates the crude relationships between socio-environmental factors and suicide over the 20 years period.
Scatterplots with regression lines in Figure 1 depict the crude relationships between the dependent and independent variables.
Maps displaying both municipal NGO activity and each of the explanatory variables were created to visually examine crude relationships.
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A crude relationship exists between the increasing use of antibiotics and the selection of resistant strains.
Figure 1 shows that there is no crude relationship between sugary sodas and albuminuria (p for trend = 0.84), while age adjustment reveals a clear, positive dose-response relationship (p for trend<0.001).
However, these only assess the crude relationship between summary measures, and they will tend to under-estimate the strength of the association when the outcome measures have not been estimated precisely.
Given that the spatial aggregation of malaria risk is particularly acute in cities [4], [5] and a cluster sampling procedure was used, with different sets of TCUs sampled in each survey round, it is perhaps unsurprising that the crude relationship between intervention and non-intervention areas before the actual introduction of larviciding was slightly inconsistent (Figure 6).
The crude relationship between family income and spontaneous preterm birth was complex (Table 3).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com