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The information loss from discarding within-group exposure variance magnifies the bias already present on the crude individual level.
Since there are no other sources of bias in this example, the crude individual and ecologic estimates of the RD are identical (0.7) for the correct data.
For the misclassified data, the crude individual level estimate of the RD (0.42) is biased toward the null while the ecologic estimate (1.17) is biased away from the null.
Equation A14 shows that the crude individual estimate of the risk difference b c is a weighted average of the within-group and ecologic estimates: b w ≤ b c ≤ b e since V W + V B = V T and variances are nonnegative.
Similar(56)
In the absence of crude oil, individual surfactant 0.6 % AOS exhibited the most stable foam with foam half time of 90 min and surfactant blend formulations 0.2 % AOS + 0.2%% TX100, and 0.6 % AOS + 0.6 % LMDO were recorded as 50 and 30 min.
Ten crude individuals and the haemolymph of ten individuals from each of the three stages above were used for the activity analysis of the two trehalases.
Figure 4C plots the ecologic and crude individual-level results on the same risk diagram.
The crude individual-level risk difference lies between the two extremes, as it must when exposure is binary.
Since background risks and exposure distributions differ between the two groups, the crude individual-level estimate of the risk difference is confounded.
As Figure 6 and Table 3 illustrate, the crude individual-level risk difference b c lies between the b i of the two groups, as it must for binary exposures (see appendix 5).
The line describing the crude individual-level information in Table 2 (the table obtained from combining both groups) has a somewhat higher slope, i.e., confounding by group biased the crude risk difference upward (we use the word bias in an epidemiologic sense, the difference between an estimate and the correct value, b).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com