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Oil sands (e.g., tar sands oil, crude bitumen), unlike crude oil, is a comparatively "dirty" fuel.
What makes these reserves different from those in Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and the countries named above is that they are in the form of crude bitumen.
The province of Alberta, Canada hosts an estimated 170 billion barrels of crude bitumen reserves in the Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River deposits.
The cleaned crude bitumen is upgraded in a delayed coking unit, which produces a blend of lighter hydrocarbon fractions that yield synthetic crude oil, naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil.
Approximately 80% of the 173 billion barrels of recoverable crude bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands require in-situ recovery due to the depth of burial.
More dirty and corrosive than conventional crude, bitumen requires extensive refining to become useable fuel.
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The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians, and Babylonians used crude oil, bitumen, and asphalt ("pitch") collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hīt) on the Euphrates for many purposes more than 5,000 years ago.
The blending fluid or diluents is always less viscous than the heavy crude and bitumen.
Generally, it well know that the lower the viscosity of the diluents, the lower is the viscosity of the blended mixture of heavy crude and bitumen (Gateau et al. 2004).
Improved heavy crude and bitumen transportation using pipelines can be achieved through preheating of the heavy crude alongside heating of the pipeline, blending or dilution with light hydrocarbon fluids as well as heavy oil-in-water emulsification, partial upgrading and core-annular flow (Al-Roomi et al. 2004; Saniere et al. 2004).
They also argue that it's not just any oil that would flow through the pipeline, but rather a thick from of crude called bitumen that is diluted with benzene and a variety of other potentially toxic additives.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com