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Finally, example applications for single pedestrian and crowd loading scenarios are examined.
This paper is a critical review of information pertinent to the behaviour of stadia structures subjected to dynamic crowd loading.
Vibration problems concerning lightweight, flexible long-span floors and cantilever grandstands structures in engineering practice generally arise from crowd loading.
In the past decade, several researchers have studied the phenomenon of excessive pedestrian-induced lateral vibrations and full-scale measurements of various bridges under crowd loading have been carried out.
Research in this field can generally be split into three categories; (i) full-scale testing of existing bridges subject to crowd loading, (ii) laboratory studies on human-structure interaction between single pedestrians and laterally moving platforms and (iii) mathematical modelling of the pedestrian-induced load.
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By fashion-shoot standards, the Gap job involved an unusually large crowd ("loads of hairdressers, make-up artists, a catering truck").
Codes of practice have been developed enabling the designer to evaluate the vibration serviceability of the structure based on simplified load models to simulate crowd induced loading.
Predicting the dynamic response of these structures due to crowd bouncing load has therefore become a critical aspect of structural vibration serviceability evaluation during live concerts or other large entertainments in public structures.
This paper presents experimental measurement and analysis of rhythmic crowd bobbing loads obtained from tests on a grandstand simulator with two distinct support conditions; (a) rigid, and; (b) flexible.
All three are next to similarly named stations, so it's easy to find the prime viewing locations (but get there early) just by following the crowds carrying loads of food and drink.
Ideally, it would be possible to predict the maximum crowd-induced loads so that designers could introduce adequate safeguards.
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