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(a) Residual plot of the estimated crowd density to the actual crowd density for the two kernel radii R = 10 m and R = 55 m.
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Alternatively, the French pilgrims may have acquired these respiratory pathogens from other pilgrims, given the extremely high crowding density to which persons from many parts of the world are exposed when performing Hajj rituals.
To verify this assumption, we compare the actual crowd density at a specific location to the App user density at the same location.
The maps below show the areas that they determined to be high crowd density at each event.
[12] state the need for accurate crowd density estimation to correctly asses the criticality of a situation.
We then evaluate the accuracy of our methodology by comparing our crowd density estimates to ground truth information obtained from video cameras used by the authorities.
We compared crowd density estimates to ground truth information obtained from video footage: For a kernel radius of R = 55 m, the average calibration error is 0.36 m − 2. Further, a correlation coefficient of 0.83 indicates that a linear relation between the crowd density and the user density can be assumed.
Nevertheless, over the last few years, crowd count analysis has evolved from earlier methods that are often limited to small variations in crowd density and scales to the current state-of-the-art methods that have developed the ability to perform successfully on a wide range of scenarios.
A sensitivity analysis investigating the relation between the ratio of App users and the accuracy of crowd density estimation helps to understand how many pedestrian need to be tracked to obtain a significant estimation accuracy.
The correlation coefficient r indicates how well the crowd density estimates correlate to the ground truth measures.
Because it doesn't have a corporate sponsor and a cattle-pen approach to crowd density, Basilica Soundscape is often praised as the antithesis to the standard music-festival slog.
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