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Determining when the line between cultural diffusion and cultural appropriation has been crossed presents several challenges, starting with the difficulty of ascertaining the difference between the two.
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Dendritic cells (DCs), as potent professional antigen-presenting cells, can cross-present SPs embedded in LPs, and have the capability to activate SP-specific naive CD8+ T cells.
Two major highway-rail corridors cross present-day Slovenia, one running from Iran to northwestern Europe and the other from Spain to Russia.
In addition to CD8+ DC, migratory lung or dermal DC can cross-present antigen in vivo.
HLA-A2-negative DC did not cross present HCMV antigen pp65 (Figure 4b).
Therefore, we sought to test the ability of DC to cross present cell-associated antigen.
Indeed, DCs are extraordinarily well adapted to cross present antigens to CD8 T cells most efficiently [5], [27].
Furthermore, our study provides further evidence that following uptake and maturation, PDC are able to cross-present viral antigens captured from virus-exposed cells to specific T cells.
More importantly, cross presented antigen is likely to be the primary mechanism by which CD8+ T cells are primed in vivo [11].
The efficiency with which viral antigens from flu-B cells were cross-presented may be due to the high efficiency of their uptake by PDC.
Infiltrating APCs may then either take up the plasmid DNA directly or cross-present the expressed antigen to initiate immune responses [37], [38].
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