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As distances geographic, cultural, administrative/political, and economic increase, cross-border interactions tend to decrease.
If cross-border interactions in the aggregate are unlikely to fade away, what is the rationale for individual multinationals' pulling back?
Instead of focusing on a purely chronological perspective, the book intends to tell a history of late modern Europe through the lens of actors and groups that shaped both nation-states as well as the many cross-border interactions.
It can lead to friction in cross-border interactions, lost sales, and a host of other serious problems that may jeopardize competitiveness (see also "Global Business Speaks English," by Tsedal Neeley, HBR May 2012).
This is due predominantly to globalization: the increased extent, velocity, and scope of cross-border interactions, transactions, and relations (Scholte 2000).
Although national borders impose substantial barriers on levels of spatial interaction and urban development near national borders [36, 37, 38], no penalties on potential cross-border interactions are currently imposed on accessibility values.
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Western communication technologies facilitate cross-border interaction, but social and political capital possessed by the leaders may be necessary for transactions across national borders to occur thus gaining access to specialized information and global thought leaders in a medical sub-specialty such as oncology.
But there's certainly a long tradition of cross-border family interactions in this nation of immigrants.
Investment is needed to improve a wide range of areas from market access and financial services to setting up flood-proof communication networks, weather forecast information, drought and flood mitigation, social welfare systems, and cross-border government interaction.
With no clear framework for how cross-border transactions and interactions will be coordinated in the aftermath of any exit, the desire to take any risks is entirely absent.
The interaction between cross-border relocation of labour-intensive manufacturing firms from coastal Chin to Southeast Asian countries and technological upgrading in China warrants comprehensive investigation.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com