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The fate of last year's giant cross-border engagement, between America's MCI and Britain's BT, shows the scope for misunderstanding and recrimination.
Figure 1 summarizes the hypothesized relationships between irregular legal status and Senegalese migrants' cross-border engagement.
Other variables also indicate the importance of circulating between destination and origin for ongoing non-mobile cross-border engagement.
This shows that Senegalese migrants' cross-border engagement is largely motivated by a desire to return to Senegal eventually.
Waldinger (2008) describes this process as "double capture" in which the destination state constrains the cross-border engagement of both documented and undocumented migrants.
In this paper, we show that these two policy orientations (co-development and migration restrictions) are paradoxical, if not contradictory, by studying the constraint that irregular legal status may place on cross-border engagement.
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Virtual co-presence, in this view, substitutes effectively for, and may even surpass, physical co-presence in nourishing the social links that motivate and sustain regular cross-border social engagement (Diminescu, 2008).
For example, Itzigsohn and Saucedo (2002) found age at migration (whether older or younger than 12 years of age), but not years since emigration, to be associated with cross-border sociocultural engagement and remittance-sending among Columbian, Salvadoran, and Dominican immigrants they studied.
And Modi -- a longtime nationalist who declared at a campaign rally in Arunachal Pradesh that China must abandon its "mindset of expansion" -- seems to be calculating that, at least for now, cross-border economic engagement will gradually lead to a resolution of border disputes.
Its goal is to stimulate innovative cross-border research, community engagement, and education (U.S. EPA and Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales 2012).
In addition, there is a need to promote public trust in research more generally through the consistent application of ethical and regulatory requirements, public engagement and cross-border collaborations.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com