To estimate what percentage of the between-cross variance can be explained by the additive effects of common variants combined, we applied the GCTA tool, which uses a mixed linear model method, to the line means of the 154 crosses (Yang et al. 2011).
The auto-covariance function of the signal is factorized in terms of the observation vector, the system matrix and the cross-variance function of the state variable, that generates the signal, with the signal.
The estimators require the information of the observation matrix, the system matrix for the state variable, related with the signal, the cross-variance function of the state variable with the observed value and the variance of the white observation noise.
The estimators require the information of the observation matrix, the system matrix for the state variable, related with the signal, the variance of the state variable, the cross-variance function of the state variable with the observed value and the variance of the white observation noise.
The proposed fixed-point smoothers require the information of the observation matrix, the system matrix for the state variable, related with the signal, the variance of the state variable, the cross-variance function of the state variable with the observed value and the variance of the white observation noise.
The estimators require information from the observation matrix, the system matrix for the state variable, related to the signal, the variance of the state variable, the cross-variance function of the state variable with the observed value and the variance of the white observation noise.
Figure 9 Values in the cross-variance matrix.
When the discrimination parameter was allowed to vary across countries but was still constant between items (Model 2), cross country variance in this parameter ((c_g)) was observed ((s^2_{c_g}=0.31; CI_u=0.57, CI_u=0.57)).
To obtain these 800 sites, the cross population variance for each CpG site was calculated, the clustering was performed for the top 200, 400, 600, 800, and above sites with the highest variance.
Note also that a rapid increase in problem drug use (and particularly heroin use) occurred in the 1980s in Scotland, 17 at the very point at which deprivation measures (Carstairs deprivation scores) began to account for less than half of the cross national variance in rates.
