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A three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed to calculate the stress distributions in the cross specimens, and the failure conditions of the specimens were examined.
Tensile tests were carried out with cross specimens at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), and the through-thickness elastic and strength properties of the woven GFRP laminates were evaluated.
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It is found that the cross specimen is suitable for the cryogenic through-thickness tensile characterization of laminated composite materials.
The effects of composite action in C 2 IPE specimens are considerably higher than that of CB 200 and C-Cross specimens.
For plastic stiffness, C-Cross specimen exhibited a minimum value of 15% increase against the circular CFT specimen.
Considering the maximum shear strength parameter, C-Cross specimen showed differences about 24% higher than that of the CFT specimen.
Figure 13a shows that the yield load and stiffness of C-Cross specimen are higher than that of the CB 200 and C 2 IPE specimens.
Therefore, C-Cross specimen had the best load deflection behavior than to CB 200 and C 2 IPE specimens towards more stable post buckling behavior with admissible descending branch of strength degradation.
The effect of types of reinforcing steel section from the viewpoint of load-carrying capacity and stiffness, and it is resulted that C-Cross specimen has a better performance compared to that of CB 200 and C 2 IPE.
A method of experimental design was used to obtain mathematical models for optimizing the thickness H of flat square cross section specimens (b=100 mm) to determine modulus of elasticity Et, relative ultimate strain εet and ultimate strength σmt.
Personnel in laboratories where the potentially cross-contaminated specimens were processed also investigated potential sources of cross-contamination within their facilities.
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