where A, σ (cm2), L (cm), N (cm-3), and α (cm-1) are the measured absorbance, the frequency-dependent absorption cross-section, path length, analytic particle density, and the attenuation coefficient, respectively, as illustrated in the absorption cell of Figure 1.
The longitudinal dispersion coefficient is proportional to the properties of fluid, hydraulic condition, and the river's geometry (cross sections and path line).
Fig. 9 Empirical formula parameters for flow velocity estimation: a) splash heights on the inside and outside of the bends of the flow path (cross section 2); b) radius of curvature; and c) slope angle.
Based on the fast-neutron scattering and gamma attenuation, the inelastic gamma field distribution is characterized by the inelastic scattering cross section, fast-neutron scattering free path, formation density and other parameters.
{ R tip-CNT = 4 3 ρ λ π a 2 R MW = ρ L A MW, where L, AMW, and λ are the CNT length, cross section, and electron mean free path, respectively.
A cross section of Earth with ray paths of PcP and PKiKP seismic phases originating at the source (star) and recorded by a station at the Earth's surface.
This was attributed to Nafion membranes being more hydrophilic and the even distribution of sulfonate ionogenic groups, throughout the membrane cross section, allowing more direct diffusion paths for ions (Prakash and Sengupta, 2005).
The results shows the contribution of density attenuation is opposite to that of inelastic scattering cross section and fast-neutron scattering free path.
The advantages of ACSC mainly stem from two aspects: i) the increased oxygen concentration under the solid rib covered zone, which extends the reaction active zone; ii) the increased cross section of the electric current transport path, which greatly decreases the cathode ohmic polarization.
Incorporating multiple (more than 2) reflections at multiple walls and their corresponding multipath preservers into our model is straightforward, but is not considered here as the radar returns associated with multiple reflections have low signal power due to two factors (ignoring the radar cross section of the target itself): the path loss and the reflection coefficients.
