Geometrical characteristics of the foam using microscopic images are extracted, including thickness of cell walls, cell size, relative density and cross section of cell walls.
(B ) Quantification of images from the same experiment shown in A. Images used for quantification were confocal cross sections of cells.
A dual-beam FIB (FEI NanoLab 600 Dual Beam FIB) was employed to mill cross sections of cells residing on nanorods and obtain SEM images of the FIB cross section for analysis.
CP-AFM techniques have, for instance, been used to analyze the photocurrent of solar cells and photodetectors [5, 6], and in particular, the most advanced characterizations were performed on the cross section of solar cells evidencing the presence of inversion layers [7] and the influence of light on local resistivity [8].
Open image in new window Fig. 6 The SEM images of the cross section of single cells a with SDC LiNaSO4 (20 wt%) interlayer; b with SDC interlayer.
SECM analysis was chosen instead of conventional histological cross-sections of cells, which may be time-consuming to prepare and difficult to analyze, especially in the case of cell aggregates that can detach during sample treatment.
Therefore, instead of a ring structure, the TPF signals from labeling dye distributed over the cross-section of cells [ Figs. 2(b)- 2(d)].
This provides a simple expression for the total accumulated particle number across the cell population 2where η is a constant describing the capture cross-section of cells, i.e., it accounts for the fraction of particles that attach to cells rather than to the culture well surface.
In order to obtain a linear behavior of the resistance versus the distance between electrodes, the cross section of the cell should be equal to the electrodes surface.
Also, superficial gas velocity (J g ) was calculated using the air flow rate and the area cross section of the cell with consideration of the area occupied by the impeller shaft.
Constructs were then flipped by 90 degrees and cut in a cryostat into 7 μm thick sections in order to display a perpendicular cross section of the cell monolayer.
