These offer unprecedented levels of sensitivity: sub-millimole quantities of hydrogen can be measured and millimole quantities of low cross section materials.
The mode filter can be integrated with any ridge waveguide device, irrespective of the waveguides cross-section, material system and operating wavelength.
In some cases, a mirrored pellicle made of a low X-ray cross-section material (such as silicon with a thin aluminum coating on one side) can be used to obtain a straight-on view of the front of the sample with no parallax errors.
An efficient, finite elements (FE) based method of cross-sectional analysis of a longitudinally homogeneous beam, with an arbitrary cross section and material model assumed, submitted to tension/compression, bending, torsion, and shear is developed.
The cross section and material properties are uniform along the length.
The cross section and material properties of columns and beams used in these frames are shown in Fig. 6.
The results in 3D joints are compared with those in 2D joints having the same cross section and material combination.
Twenty-four archwires of differing size, cross section and material were selected, measured and tested in each bracket of compatible slot width.
The 2,960 frames described by specified cross section properties, material strengths, and loading conditions shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1 were simulated.
The width-to-thickness ratios, reduction factors accounting for the design stress or effective cross section area, material mechanical properties, initial geometric imperfections and longitudinal residual stresses are measured and discussed in detail.
In the case of gross plastic deformation where the entire cross section experiences material yielding the residual stress profile may redistribute, resulting in tensile stresses on the outside surface balanced by compression in the interior.
