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where is the maximal value of CQD falciform cross section height.
Different surrogates (sets of elements and ordinary macro-elements) used for equivalent modeling of large side openings are evaluated, since the reduced shear stiffness of superstructure sides has large influence on the hull girder stress distributions along the entire cross section height.
The experimental results showed that NSM shear strengthening technique with CFRP laminates is very effective in RC beams of relatively high cross section height, not only in terms of increasing the load carrying capacity of the beams, but also in assuring higher mobilization of the tensile capacity of the CFRP.
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Three different loading positions, with respect to cross-section height, were studied.
The Reynolds number (Re), based on prism cross-section height varies between 100 and 256.
These experiments vary cross-section height, thickness and length of sleeve, and span.
The cross-section height variations of the girders were simulated to understand the overall behavioral change of the curved bridge due to a dimensional change of the girders.
Figure 1 a Schematic showing of the Nanogold-modified mica and the anchored DNA on it (not drawn to scale),b AFM topography image of Nanogold on a mica surface, andc The corresponding cross-section height profile of Nanogold.
Measurements of the applied load, the deflection at five different locations, strains along the cross-section height at mid-span, and multiple strains longitudinally along the bottom soffit were recorded.
Under these hypotheses, the shear stresses were computed as if parabolically distributed along the entire cross-section height where the maximum value, located at the mid-high of the cross section, is computed from Eq. (1).
Beam properties Cross-section height h = 305 mm Cross-section effective height d = 248 mm Effective depth of shear reinforcement d fv = 305 mm Web width b w = 152 mm Compressive strength of concrete (f_{text{c}}^{{prime }}) = 41.4 MPa Area of stirrup reinforcement A stirrup = 25.7 mm2 Area of shear reinforcement A v = 2A stirrup = 51.4 mm2 Steel tensile yield strength f y = 275.8 MPa.
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