From Eq. (2), the maximum value of α is approximately given by (A.1 where the radiation pressure cross section averaged over the stellar radiation spectrum.
The β ratio is given by (2 where is the radiation pressure cross section averaged over the stellar radiation spectrum and L* is the stellar luminosity.
Bed load fluxes predicted by the Parker and Bagnold functions and cross-section average hydraulic parameters under-predict the bed load flux, particularly at low shear stress.
EDHSS exhibited uniformly inter-connected porous structure on their surfaces and cross-sections (average pore size ≥220 μm) and good mechanical property, indicating certain miscibility between HEC and SPI.
In the light of engineering applications, a one-dimensional model is used, where physical quantities are cross-section averaged.
The dispersion coefficient is of the form D3D⁎/Pe2= f(Ω≡ωh2/D,Sc≡D/ν,χ≡w/h) where Pe≡<u>h/D, <u> is the root mean square of the cross-section averaged velocity, ω is the angular velocity, 2w and 2h are, respectively, the width and the height of the cross-section, D is the solute diffusivity, and ν is the fluid kinematic viscosity.
The results showed that the cross-section averaging gas holdups with different fiber volume fractions and aspect ratios could be estimated within errors of ±10% using the modified Kataoka-Ishii bubbly flow semi-empirical correlation at superficial gas velocities ranging from 0.074 m/s to 0.37 m/s.
The flow rate is the ratio of average stream cross section area and average time taken to fill the container.
Cross sections of average vertical displacement for the entire fault (dotted line), the southern asperity (solid line), and the northern asperity (dashed line) are shown (see Fig. 4 for the locations of the cross sections).
They state: "The cross section hydraulics characteristics: average velocity V = 0.2 to 0.5 m/s, average depth D = 2 to 4.5 m and top width T = 200 to 250 m".
Each individual nanofiber was quite uniform in cross section, and the average diameter of the fibers was 134 ± 35 nm.
