Furthermore, cross-occupational wage differences can be explained by the different degrees of relevance of the typical worker in each occupation.
In addition, an occupation-specific approach represents here a step forward in the task empirical literature, which mainly relies on tasks defined at the cross-occupational level.
For example, Bate, Mendel and Robert 4 note that for quality improvement goals to be met in healthcare settings it is crucial that there be cross-organisational and cross-occupational communities of practice that share knowledge about the quality agenda.
However, cross-national and cross-occupational comparability may be hindered by differences in the average duration or age of academic training, where the number of trainees who eventually seek employment in the (national) health sector is low, where the number of workers trained abroad is high, or where there is considerable mobility in and out of the workforce over the active age span.
Using cross-sectional occupational data over time can present a challenge because of changes in occupation classifications.
Conversely, a few cross-sectional occupational studies conducted among fluorochemical production employees have reported positive relationships between PFOS and/or PFOA concentrations and serum lipid levels (Gilliland and Mandel 1996; Olsen et al. 1999, 2003).
A significant linear regression coefficient between log-transformed PFOA and log-transformed PFOA, 0.025 ± 0.013; p = 0.006) wanddescribed in a cross-sectional occupational surveillancoefficientd in three 3M plants in the United States and Belgium (Olsen and Zobel 20.025
A survey of 40 work sites that are thought to represent a cross-sectional occupational exposure to DEE in the United Kingdom was conducted (Groves and Cain, 2000) using elemental carbon (EC), one of the particulates in DEE, as a surrogate measure of exposure.
In the final step, we shift the analysis to a cross-occupation level and examine whether the observed heterogeneity in task implementation of each occupational group is related to its salary level.
The cross-tabulation of occupational exposures with selected cancer sites produced significant findings only for cancers of digestive organs.
However, when the group of digestive cancers was cross-tabulated by occupational exposure, a significant association was seen only in the group of workers exposed to ionizing radiation.
