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A previous report [21] showed that inhibitory connections could be detected by looking at the time shifts of the cISI histogram built on the cross activities of two neurons.
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Those 2,3-BDZs that are inhibitors of AMPA receptors showed no appreciable cross activity on either NMDA or kainate receptors.
Cross activity between HIF-1 and proangiogenic factors is a basic relationship during capillary formation under hypoxia.
However, most, if not all, of these competitive antagonists show cross activity with kainate receptors (see reviews in Refs. 3 and 13).
Compared to toxicity ranges established for Diptera-, CoLepidopteraLepidoptera- and Nematoda-active proteins, 13 cross-activities are in the low-toxicity range (10 1000 μg/ml), 12 in the medium – (0.10 10 μg/ml) and two in the high-toxicity range (0.01 0.10 μg/ml).
The cross-activities of 2 E1s, 50 E2s and thousands of E3s encoded by the human genome make it difficult to identify the substrate proteins of a specific E3 enzyme in the cell.
Although cross-activities need to be viewed with caution until they are confirmed through independent testing, current evidence suggests that cross-activity of B. thuringiensis pesticidal proteins needs to be taken into consideration when designing and approving their use in pest control applications.
The increasing number of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with pesticidal activities across orders and phyla raises the question how widespread cross-activities are and if they are of sufficient biological significance to have implications for ecological safety of those proteins in pest control applications.
Cross-activities occur in 13 primary rank families across three classes of pesticidal proteins (Cry, Cyt and Vip), and comprise 13 proteins affecting species across two orders, five proteins affecting three orders and one protein affecting four orders, all within the class Insecta.
Cross-activity was quantified (LC50 estimates) for 16 proteins and 25 taxa.
Cross-activity is reported for 27 proteins and 69 taxa and is substantiated by reasonable evidence (mortality estimates) in 19 cases involving 45 taxa.
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