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Controlled traffic farming (CTF) maintains the same machinery wheel tracks in cropping fields year after year, thereby isolating the impacts of traffic compaction from the soil used for crop growth.
We examined two (one small- and one medium-scale) irrigation schemes shared by multiple users in the Upper East region of Ghana, including the water reservoir, water conveyance and distribution network, cropping fields, and the management entity.
The system incorporates slash-and-mulch of native vegetation (rather than slash-and-burn cultivation, which was widely practiced in the area before 1990), and the retention of trees within cropping fields.
Bai, L., Cui, J., Jie, W. & Cai, B. Analysis of the community compositions of rhizosphere fungi in soybeans continuous cropping fields.
The decrease in potential beneficial microbes might be attributed to the poor growth of coffee plants in long-term monoculture systems6, and further studies identifying the potential beneficial microbes in coffee cropping fields, including bacterial Gemmatimonas, Nitrospira and Pseudomonas and fungal Trichoderma isolates with effective plant growth promoting abilities, are needed.
These positive soil characteristics can be used for consecutive planting of native species on cropping fields.
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Around fertile and large cropped fields.
Holistically, the natural enemy fauna abundance and diversity were found to be greater in the intercropped, border cropped, and hedgerow cropped fields compared to the sole cropped fields.
Scattered trees in pastures and cropped fields Marginal areas, hills, small flat areas.
The path travels through many types of landscape, including deciduous and coniferous woodland, private parkland, grazed pasture and cropped fields.
Both studies relied on self-reported estimates of distances to crop fields, which may introduce misclassification.
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