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Instead, the current study shows that switchgrass farmed using conventional agricultural practices on less-than-prime cropland yields only slightly less ethanol per hectare on average than corn.
In our analysis we imply that a decline in average annual water yield in an area means that rainfed cropland yields in the area may not increase at the rate of technological growth, all else being equal (in addition, less runoff will be available for irrigation use).
In particular, in Western Europe and North America, cropland yields reach very high levels.
This allowed deriving estimates of area availability for bio-energy crops for different scenarios regarding diets, cropland yields and feeding efficiency of livestock based on the assumption that grazing intensity could be increased in those regions where it was lower than elsewhere.
If the CO2 fertilization effect is switched off, however, we find considerable losses (compared to the BAU scenario) of up to −16.02% in most regions, although some regions might still benefit (up to +5.12%); the average (area-weighted) loss of cropland yields was −7.06%.
Fig. 4b shows that this is only partly a result of increased yields on areas used for growing bioenergy: Growth in yields compared to BAU makes more area available for growing bioenergy, while any reduction in cropland yields results in less area availability.
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Despite the differences, models used in this area, explicitly or implicitly, make assumptions on the elasticities of cropland yield and land supply with respect to crop prices.
In the northern Ethiopian highlands, croplands yield extremely high volumes of storm runoff and are the major contributor to sediment load in the rivers.
But in others, the owners felt genuinely aggrieved, sorry to lose fertile cropland that yielded as many as three harvests a year.
For agricultural ecosystems, county-level grain yield statistics were downloaded from the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) website (https://www.quickstats.nass.usda.gov/) and used to calibrate simulated cropland grain yield.
In the southernmost 10% of the territory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with rich yields of sorghum and millet.
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