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Carabids were sampled using pitfall traps in the margin plots, the crop edge, and the crop area of the fields.
Furthermore, outside the source crop, the assumed dose was greater than that assumed by Hofmann et al. [2] up to 9 m from the crop edge.
Our results indicated that many species of conservation value had disappeared or seriously decreased in the field core but still persisted in the crop edge.
However, Hofmann et al. [2] also included samples taken from within the crop which, in the context of their regression analysis, were assigned, a negative value as distance from the crop edge.
Consequently, as an alternative to annual cutting, we recommend that scarification is periodically applied to narrow (1 3 m) strips next to the crop edge to enhance the value of grass-only buffer strips for farmland birds.
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We also evaluated the importance of crop edges as potential refugia for the threatened arable weeds.
Economically-important pests were fewer and parasitoid wasps were more abundant in hedgerows than weedy crop edges.
In the 2000s survey, crop edges harboured levels of weed diversity that were intermediate between those found in field cores in the 1970s and in the 2000s survey.
EFSA Panel criticises the Hofmann et al. data, stating, "all the data from within the Bt-maize crop and at crop edges were standardised to relate to the same distance from the pollen source.
This suggests that weed richness and diversity are higher in landscapes that have a finer grain, probably because these landscapes offer more habitat heterogeneity within cultivated areas and contain more crop edges that can shelter many weed species.
The relationship used for the standardisation was the Hofmann et al. [2] dose distance relationship for distances from 0.8 m to 4.45 km, but, as explained in Section 3.1.2, above, this cannot be used for data within the maize crop and at crop edges.
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