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'Indirect effects' are effects 'occurring through a causal chain of events, through mechanisms such as interactions with other organisms, transfer of genetic material, or changes in use or management of the crop' (EC 2001, Annex II) [2].
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The amount of a particular plant's tolerance of salinity at different stages is different and for appropriate growth and productivity of most crops, EC (an indirect indicator of salinity) levels should be less than 2000 uS/cm.
For purposes of predicting the impact of salinity on crop yields, EC values from soils of 0 2 are described as salt-free, 4 8 as slightly saline, 8 15 as moderately saline and >15 as strongly saline [120].
The recent decision by the European commission to give its member states the power to ban genetically modified crops on a state-by-state and crop-by-crop basis means that the EC has failed science and failed itself.
The primary effect of high Ec water on crop productivity is the inability of the plant to compete with ions in the soil solution for water (physiological drought).
The primary effect of high EC water on crop productivity is the inability of plant to compete with ions in the soil solution for water leading to physiological drought.
The primary effect of high EC water on crop productivity is the inability of the plant to compete with ions in the soil solution for water thereby leading to physiological drought.
Salinity hazard is the leading water quality character which affects the production of crops, measured in terms of EC.
Recent studies suggest that not only increased membrane permeability but also enhanced ROS production is closely associated with low levels of ATP production and energy charge (EC) in harvested horticultural crops [10].
ATP and EC levels in horticultural crops can be maintained by appropriate handling, thus effectively postponing senescence.
One such alternative approach would be to place a cap on food-crop-based biofuels, as proposed by the EC in 2012 [ 24].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com