The criterion of character complexity used to evaluate support spectra is not the same as the congruence criterion used in cladistics because cladistic congruence [ 127, 128] requires a tree topology and does not discern between character qualities (slow vs. fast evolving characters).
Taking the sum of positions as a single pattern supporting a split, then splits with larger, more complex patterns are thought to be more reliable as potential traces of phylogeny than splits with patterns consisting of few positions (criterion of character complexity as discussed in [ 121]).
Of course, the cat-test is (arguably) not a valid criterion for character assessment.
Thus, for this system there is empirical support for five of the six criteria for character displacement (i & ii: chance and alternative explanations ruled out, iii: independent evidence of competition, iv: association of morphology to putative selective force, vi: comparable relevant ecological parameters across localities [ 6, 60]).
Next, this tree is fitted by various optimality criteria to the partition of character states of an individual character on the taxa, the procedure is repeated for each character and finally a tree is used which best fits all of the characters taken together [ 1, 4].
These homoplastic microinversions required at least three (CLTC intron 6) or four (CLTC intron 7) changes on the Hackett et al. [ 27] phylogeny using the MP criterion to explain the observed distribution of character states.
Cladograms were generated with the program PAUP* v.4.0b10 [ 55] under the optimality criterion of parsimony, with all characters equally weighted.
Obviously, hybridization and gene flow must be rare whether the biological species concept or even a character-based criterion of species is used, because a total "blurring of the border line" would result in a single species being recognized.
Thus, case selection follows the criterion of the regional socio-economic and spatial character.
Koplin et al. point out that sustainability criteria of an environmental character form requirements placed on suppliers aiming to reduce the input of natural resources and minimize environmental risks by improving the efficiency of suppliers [16].
Taking in account the absence of radiological criteria of a benign character, this tumor should be considered and treated as a malignant lesion, although a minimally invasive approach should be chosen when possible.
