In some of our results, the Erythrinidae appears as the sister group of clade 13, (albeit with low support especially by ML and MP criteria), a hypothesis at variance with morphologically based studies which associated the family in varying combinations with the Ctenoluciidae, Hepsetidae and Lebiasinidae [ 62].
The NWI-NPRS was employed as a criterion on a hypothesis that the pattern of results obtained from a well-studied scale such as the NWI should be replicable to some degree by a new scale.
In our case, as such appropriate scales do not exist for our dimensions, for each of them we selected two criteria based on a hypothesis suggested by an expert's panel.
Objections to cluster analysis as an 'unsupervised' technique only to be used in abductive hypothesis generating – with the resulting clusters requiring 'validation' against some other criterion and insertion into a hypothesis testing framework [27] – are of little relevance to our approach.
Pteromorphs only occur (with exception to the eupheredermous Microzetidae) in adult poronotic mites and Travé [ 87] postulated that the presence or absence of this trait might serve as differentiation criterion within the Apheredermata, a hypothesis rejected by our data (Fig. 4C; Table 2).
A methodology of preliminary appraisal, by contrast, articulates criteria for the evaluation of a hypothesis prior to rigorous derivation or testing.
He rejected verifiability as a criterion for a scientific theory or hypothesis to be scientific, rather than pseudoscientific or metaphysical.
The Minimum Message Length (MML) principle (Wallace and Boulton, 1968) provided the first practical information-theoretic criterion for hypothesis selection based on observations.
Table 5, depicting the cases in the overall data set with three or more dosing points ≥ 110% of controls for the evaluation but using hypothesis testing, data distribution, and alternative quantitative methods for the entry criteria, shows a much higher false-positive rate of 22% for the least arbitrary entry criterion of hypothesis testing.
P62 Systematic review of inclusion/exclusion criteria, judgment criteria and statistical hypothesis in randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of antimicrobials for hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia treatment.
