The problem has a multi-criterion character in which 3 objective functions, 3 constraints and 5 variables are considered.
The problem has a multi-criterion character in which three objective functions, a maximum of 72 variables and 103 constraints are considered.
To determine simple branch lengths (i.e. number of evolutionary steps), we opened ITS2 data and the ML tree of the ITS2 analysis in PAUP, selected the MP criterion (character state optimization: 'DELTRAN'), and displayed the tree by using the 'show branch lengths' option.
Thus, for this system there is empirical support for five of the six criteria for character displacement (i & ii: chance and alternative explanations ruled out, iii: independent evidence of competition, iv: association of morphology to putative selective force, vi: comparable relevant ecological parameters across localities [ 6, 60]).
The criterion of character complexity used to evaluate support spectra is not the same as the congruence criterion used in cladistics because cladistic congruence [ 127, 128] requires a tree topology and does not discern between character qualities (slow vs. fast evolving characters).
The criterion was character, not championships.
In each case the final score ranged between 6 and 18. Mouriquand's grading system takes into account the following criteria: cellular characters (clustering, 0/isolated cells, 3), nuclear features (anisokaryosis, 2; large size, 3; budding, 2; naked, 3; hyperchromasia, 2; hypochromasia, 3), nucleoli (blue, 2; red, 3), and number of mitoses (≥3 per slide = 1, ≥6 per slide = 3).
According to the six check-criteria for character displacement suggested by Grant (1972) and Arthur (1982) and considering the remarks of Schluter and McPhail (1992), the following evaluation can be made: Chance can be ruled out as an explanation of the pattern, given that other cases of sympatry also constitute the same depth segregation of the two entities.
