The L7 ganglia in the dog injected with [3H]leucine showed a fast rate of transport of 423mm/day estimated from the front of the crest (Table 1)." P.642 top paragraph:"The present study has shown that the same crest pattern of activity and rate of fast axoplasmic transport is present in the sciatic nerves of mammalian species ranging in size from the goat down to the rat.
One clone displayed a complex banded forebrain (Fig. 5E) and typical neural crest pattern (arrows on Fig. 5E, F), and was highly expressed at st.24 but virtually unexpressed at st. 26 (not shown).
For instance, of the duplicate genes retained, there is a particular pattern of retention of genes that encode protein products associated with the extracellular matrices that are essential for skeletal development (Huxley-Jones et al. 2007) and of genes implicated in neural crest patterning and differentiation (Martinez-Morales et al. 2007).
Hh signalling is one of the fundamental developmental pathways required for correct neural crest patterning (for review see Mishina and Snider, 2014) and disc1 is prominently expressed in neural crest cells (Drerup et al., 2009; Wood et al., 2009), so the craniofacial abnormalities reported in schizophrenia may reflect altered Shh signalling, possibly via DISC1.
Such genes include CYP11A1, which is essential for the synthesis of pregnenolone, critical for cell migration [ 27]; and the three CYP26 s, which contribute to retinoic acid gradients that regulate hindbrain and neural crest patterning [ 13, 103, 104] and osteogenesis [ 2, 47].
This further supports the thought that the double-crest pattern measured by Swarm in Figs. 6 and 7 is due to a combined effect of IEFs and the ionospheric disturbance wind dynamo, with a contribution of the latter which is definitely smaller, thus causing an inversion of the usual dynamo zonal electric field from westward to eastward.
About periods M1/M2, for the morning sector (Figs. 6, 7), IRI still models an equatorial pattern characterized by a maximum centered on the magnetic equator, while Swarm measures a double-crest pattern in the west longitude sector of the globe, that is unusual for these local times.
It is interesting to note how the double-crest pattern in the M2 period is still recorded by Swarm A and not by Swarm B, suggesting that, in the 2 h of MLT difference characterizing the two satellites, the plasma fountain from direct became again reverse.
Concerning the period P1 (the same is for the period P2), for the evening sector (Fig. 9), the equatorial band shows for both IRI and Swarm the same usual electron density double-crest pattern around the magnetic equator (e.g., Balan and Bailey 1995).
With reference to periods M1/M2, for the evening sector (Figs. 10, 11), the usual electron density double-crest pattern around the magnetic equator is still shown by both IRI and Swarm, even though the crests measured by Swarm are noticeably narrower than those modelled by IRI.
In summary, Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 show that, from a morphological point of view, the electron density patterns measured by Swarm and those modelled by IRI are different, especially during the main phase of the storm, for the morning sector, when Swarm highlights an unusual double-crest pattern.
