On the whole, American forms of Spanish are more musical and suave than the Castilian of Madrid, but it is remarkable how little deformation, or creolization, of the language has occurred.
Famous examples of cultural creolization are the plays The Tragic Story of the Marquis of Mântua and Emperor Charlemagne (known as Tchiloli on São Tomé island) and Auto da Floripes, popular on Príncipe island, both of which are based on 16th-century Portuguese dramas.
The wildly creative creolization of African-American and European-American strains produced a profusion of mulatto musics — one thinks of Ellington and Gershwin, Joplin and Stravinsky, Miles Davis and Gil Evans, Chuck Berry and Jerry Lee Lewis, Jimi Hendrix and Bruce Springsteen — that spread their dominion across the whole world.
The Caribbean has been a laboratory of cultural creolization -- the mixing and synthesis of ideas from indigenous people, European colonizers, African slaves.
There are two problems with this 'language bioprogram hypothesis,' as it is known in the creolization literature.
Bickerton and, following him, Pinker, argue that creolization occurs when children take a pidgin as the input to their first language learning, and urge that the added complexity of the creole reflects the operation of the child's inborn language faculty.
(2004, 90 92) To dismiss too quickly Négritude as an essentialism of the past, which might have been necessary as a "deconstructive challenge" to an oppressive colonial order but has nothing to say when it comes to the call for cosmopolitanism and creolization, would miss an important dimension of that multifaceted movement.
Moreover, the argument from creolization suffers a number of additional flaws.
First, the Bickerton-Pinker view, which assigns a dominant role to child language learners in the creation of creoles, is but one of three competing hypotheses currently being explored in the creolization literature.
This movement established itself as following from Edouard Glissant's philosophy of creolization.
However, there is a case of creolization in which these other hypotheses apparently fail to gain purchase, as Pinker (1994 37ff).
