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The fundamental issue of this evaluation approach is to ensure that these variations are exogenous and, if they are not, to rely on credible instruments.
Some studies on the impact of education on earnings have used instrumental methods to deal with ability bias (Ashenfelter et al. 1999), but in studies that examine the impact of the field of study, this has not been done due to difficulties in finding credible instruments.
A variety of econometric methods have become commonplace, relying on improved panel and community data which allow the introduction of fixed effects and provide more credible instruments for program treatment when randomized designs are not feasible, and have arguably attenuated or eliminated some of the more obvious sources of estimation bias.
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To secure that, it can be argued, the Conservative party must make itself a far more credible instrument of euroscepticism than it is at present.
"For companies, the park offers a wonderful and credible instrument for public marketing that will offer new ways to reach clients".
The experience reinforced Boutros-Ghali's view that the US, the only remaining superpower, was incapable of providing consistent leadership and lacked the commitment to turn the UN into a credible instrument of international security.
It is also a credible instrument for use in clinical trials and in clinical practice to assess the impact of treatment on PsA-related patient workplace and household productivity losses.
He regarded it as "a vitally important safety valve" that provided a "credible public instrument" to deal with incidents that might otherwise have derailed the negotiations.
Greece-related developments have narrowed the range of credible risk-hedging instruments, encouraging banks and hedge funds to reduce gross exposures and not just net exposures.
She said: "This is testament to the ever growing legitimacy of the court... this shows how in less than 15 years of existence, the court has managed to establish itself as a credible, professional, independent instrument".
In the year 2008 [ 28], the need for psychometrically credible quality of life instruments for cancer survivors who were in 1 5 years post diagnosis phase had already been detected.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com