In one, Swiss scientists created a lineage of mice with a genetically reinforced anti-inflammatory signal.
The couple invent a lengthy story about a boxer named Sam the Russian, which is written to create a lineage for Zach, an orphan.
Alongside the main characters of his 10 plays, who tend to be black men in search of justice in the world, Wilson created a lineage of male friends and relatives who provide a century's worth of commentary about black life since slavery.
For each muscle we created a lineage matrix (according to our two measures) and a physical distance matrix (according to the physical distance defined above), and checked whether they are significantly correlated (see Methods).
To quantify historical rates of species accumulations (i.e., tests of the prediction that diversification has slowed down over time following an early burst) we created a lineage through-time (LTT) plot implemented in the R package 'ape' [ 41].
Another possible explanation would be that even if the ancestral sequences were not beneficial to the species, random sampling contributed to the elimination of other alleles and the fixation of these sequences in the downsized population, creating a new lineage, due to natural catastrophe or population migration, referred to as a "genetic drift" or "population bottleneck" [ 27].
The most parsimonious explanation for the observed two-fold difference in DNA content between the two populations of D. brightwellii is a whole genome duplication event occurring within cells of population 1 creating a polyploid lineage that ultimately gave rise to population 2 cells.
The project creates a fascinating record of nearly a century's worth of printing history and the pages that will make up the accompanying book, which are surprisingly beautiful, serve as a creative time capsule of sorts, essentially traveling through time and unifying these similar but disparate machines by creating a physical paper lineage between them.
Unlike somatic development, however, the developmental program occurring in one generation is directly linked to the reiteration of that program in the next generation, creating a repeating, cyclical lineage that has transgenerational continuity within the species.
