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This heterogeneity may be observed by the employer but not by the econometrician, thus creating a confounding factor in the estimates.
Yet, participation in one condition may affect performance in other conditions, thus creating a confounding variable that varies with the independent variable.
Differences in soil composition and irrigation are known to impact Cd bioavailability creating a confounding with the genotype effect under study, therefore, prior to the GGE analysis [ 60], the data were corrected by Generalized Additive Models (GAM) [ 61] for the spatial effect within the field (X~1+Variety+s(Rows,Columns)+e, where s is a cubic regression spline) and then scaled by Environment.
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The presence of federal and multi-religious countries (like India) may also possibly create a confounding factor.
Forming a subtle division between clay and scrappy figure drawings, Sadie Benning creates a confounding yet dynamic series of hybrid sculpture/painting/photography artwork.
It is worth noting though that some of the residual may still contain an additive genetic component, thus creating a partial confounding in subsequent analyses.
Thus, treatment with digoxin is likely to be influenced by the probability of mortality, creating a scenario of "confounding by indication".
Despite everyone fast-forwarding to the final defeat, there is a game to be played, presumably Thursday, unless someone guesses it might rain again, creating another confounding evening like Wednesday, John Niyo writes in The Detroit News.
We might start by creating a website (or possibly several, some of them based abroad to confound the censors, there could even be a facebook page).
What can you do with an individual who is always acting, always playing a part?" Gala's photos create empathy for the woman married to such a confounding man.
By presenting effect estimates for an unmatched cohort, as well as a matched cohort, we were able to show the potential magnitude of bias created from confounding by indication.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com