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In the proposed method, this created watermark image is inserted in the original image.
Also, the AC coefficients estimating formulas that propose in [4] can be used to increase the quality of created watermark.
To describe the proposed method, we supposed that the original image and created watermark image are grayscale images with size and, respectively.
Step 4. Use (9) for invisible insertion of the created watermark (used watermark) into the DC coefficients of selected blocks of the original image: (9).
where and are DC coefficients in th block of watermarked image and original image, respectively and is DC coefficient of th block in created watermark.
Step 3. Select first blocks of sorted blocks which is computed in Step 1 for embedding process ( is size of created watermark).
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(4) Apply IDCT on each estimated DCT block to create watermark in spatial domain.
(3) Apply IDCT on each extracted DCT block to create watermark in spatial domain.
Then the estimation formulas are used to evaluate the AC coefficients of each DCT block (e.g., first five AC coefficients when ) of watermark and applied IDCT to create watermark in spatial domain.
The Mohanty's method use a reverse embedding procedure to extract the DCT coefficients of each DCT block of watermark and applied IDCT to create watermark in spatial domain.
Many photo editing programs can help you create watermarks on your images.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com