Brown (1989) first argued that placement tests had to not only create variance in the score but also be related to content and skills covered in a program.
As has been described elsewhere, balanced repeated replication was used to create variance estimates, standard errors of percentiles and probabilities of meeting a DRI.
In addition, the ability to store these compounds or their precursors in specialized leaf structures (e.g. secretory cavities or trichomes) and their inducibility upon abiotic and biotic stresses creates variance from direct responsiveness to increasing temperature or modelling their species-specific emission potential [ 20, 35].
In relation to the method, the observed inhomogeneous fibre distribution and localised impurities in handmade papers created significant variance of > 200 DP, i.e. > 15% RSD was observed for triplicate measurements of the same sample, in 20 samples.
Hence, in our experiment, female Tropheus appeared sufficiently discriminating to create considerable variance in male reproductive success and consequently potential for directional sexual selection.
This is especially crucial for epistatic QTL as both interacting loci must be polymorphic, as otherwise they will not create phenotypic variance.
Compared to VanRaden, the Ballou and Lacy-correction creates more variance among kinship values, which has a possible negative impact on OCS.
We now discuss both the Bedford paper and the Ferguson paper in the context of these models creating fitness variance solely by the co-circulation of beneficial antigenic mutants.
However, uniparental maternal mouthbrooding by Tropheus females entails a male-biased operational sex ratio, such that female choice can create considerable variance in male mating success (Sefc, 2008; Steinwender et al., 2012).
We defined the mutational heritability as the ratio of the genetic variance created by new mutations at each generation over the residual variance:.
