Given the industry's global reach, devising rules to control greenhouse gas emissions has proved contentious and given rise to a regulatory patchwork that companies say could be costly, lead to safety risks and create disadvantages for airlines from different jurisdictions.
India, Pakistan and others complained that the treaty favors exporters and creates disadvantages for arms importers.
While the authors concluded that objective academic performance is not adversely affected by a pass/fail grading system and that student well-being is enhanced, they noted that some studies suggested that residency program directors believe pass/fail grading creates disadvantages for students in the matching process.
The withdrawal does not create disadvantages.
According to economists, the preparation to join the euro zone created some disadvantages for Estonia compared with neighboring countries, which have enjoyed a relative degree of flexibility by hanging on longer to their legacy currencies for now.
Brief for Respondents 45; see also ___ P.3d, at ___, 2001 WL 1246676, at *12 (State Farms continuing illicit practice created market disadvantages for other honest insurance companies because these practices increased profits.
"The care penalty creates lifetime disadvantages for most women," she says.
The habit of private-school parents voting to defend a system that disproportionately rewards their already well-resourced schools over disadvantaged communities does not actually improve the quality of their own children's education, although it does create serious disadvantages for children from lower socio-economic backgrounds.
All of the stuff that sort of creates the disadvantages for black school children, it's not that someone gets up in the morning and says, 'I'm going to see to it that all the black kids get an inferior education.' That's what makes it so hard to grasp.
For example, advances in medical technology have the potential to create disproportionate disadvantages for some social groups, either by being applied in ways that harm members of the groups directly or by encouraging the adoption of social policies that discriminate unfairly against them.
