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Ippolito had been created cardinal (January 1529).
Pier Luigi's eldest son, Alessandro (1520 89), had been created cardinal at 14.
Of noble birth, he was created cardinal by Pope Marinus I and was elected on May 17, 885, to succeed Pope St. Adrian III.
He became bishop of Tortosa in 1516 and grand inquisitor of Aragon (1517) and Castile (1518); he was created cardinal in 1517.
In 1791 he was removed from the treasurership but was created cardinal on September 29 though he was not in orders.
Though he was never ordained as a priest, Antonelli was created cardinal by Pius in 1847 and became premier (1848) of the Papal States, which were then governed for the first time by a democratic constitution.
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In a series of consistories, or consultative assemblies, he created cardinals of proved virtue throughout Europe.
In 1965 Paul VI (1963 78) created cardinals from among the Eastern Catholic patriarchs and arranged that they should become cardinal bishops on the title of their patriarchal sees.
Every Renaissance Pope who created cardinals appointed a relative to the College of Cardinals, and the nephew was the most common choice, although one of Alexander VI's creations was his own son.
The pope alone appoints or creates cardinals in the three orders of cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon all of whom are bishops in accordance with the ruling of John XXIII by announcing their names before the College of Cardinals in a private consistory (a meeting of ecclesiastics, especially the College of Cardinals, for the administration of justice and other business).
The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.
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