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To create immunity, Americans turned to variolation, in which smallpox was inserted through the skin.
A vaccine costs about $13 per injection, and four to five vaccinations are needed to create immunity.
The goal, he said, is to create immunity that lasts longer than natural immunity, which fades in adults after they move out of malaria areas.
Health authorities are using a new monovalent oral vaccine that needs fewer doses to create immunity to type 1 polio, the strain circulating in Yemen.
As with smallpox, many tried "inoculation" — cutting open the skin and introducing pus or tissue from infected animals, sometimes treated with heat or chemicals, hoping to cause minor infections that would create immunity.
One is that immunization is a counter-intuitive notion -- that the cause of a disease can create immunity from it.
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If so, vaccines--which mimic the effects of an actual pathogen to create immunity--might help the body ward off asthma, too.
There are also concerns that a series of soft flu seasons may actually increase our susceptibility to an epidemic, since our bodies would have devoted less energy to fighting the flu and creating immunity.
"The oral vaccine – the attenuated live vaccine – can knock it out of circulation completely because it creates immunity in the gut and stops the virus spreading.
If that level of control exists, the court would allow the government to substitute itself for the contractor's employee under the Westfall Act, creating immunity for the employee and potentially also the contractor corporation, which makes it a very appealing defense.
However, the reduced reliance on tOPV for SIAs created immunity gaps for serotype 2, which allowed numerous cVDPV2 emergences in different countries [ 8].
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