This heterogeneity may be observed by the employer but not by the econometrician, thus creating a confounding factor in the estimates.
Forming a subtle division between clay and scrappy figure drawings, Sadie Benning creates a confounding yet dynamic series of hybrid sculpture/painting/photography artwork.
Yet, participation in one condition may affect performance in other conditions, thus creating a confounding variable that varies with the independent variable.
Differences in soil composition and irrigation are known to impact Cd bioavailability creating a confounding with the genotype effect under study, therefore, prior to the GGE analysis [ 60], the data were corrected by Generalized Additive Models (GAM) [ 61] for the spatial effect within the field (X~1+Variety+s(Rows,Columns)+e, where s is a cubic regression spline) and then scaled by Environment.
This probably creates a confound so that the authors cannot use the fact that known genes are highly ranked in their schemes as evidence that the method works well.
It is worth noting though that some of the residual may still contain an additive genetic component, thus creating a partial confounding in subsequent analyses.
Ms. Hannah, a best-selling author of crime fiction, said she hoped to "create a puzzle that will confound and frustrate the incomparable Hercule Poirot for at least a good few chapters".
I hope to create a puzzle that will confound and frustrate the incomparable Hercule Poirot for at least a good few chapters".
Future studies, however, may avoid this confound by offsetting the timing of lighting fluctuations as opposed to temperature fluctuations as in the present study, but this then creates a new confound because one treatment group would suffer a change in circadian rhythm while the other would not, and this may have its own negative effects.
Another consideration is that the Internet is only a secondary venue for manifest risk, whereas the victim of online harm may have been susceptible to other risk in the physical world, such as bullying or psychiatric problems [ 15], which may create a spurious relationship and thus confound the results.
