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The inclined angle of the shear crack (degree or radian).
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With increasing reduction per pass up to 80%, twinning and twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization (DRX) dominated the deformation of the edge material at 350 °C, resulting in local recrystallization with coarse grains and further largest edge-crack degree.
Contrast (CON) is a typical gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLC M texture feature, which can well represent the cracking degree of dried soil surface and is highly related with the salt content of soda-saline soils.
Continue to cook until syrup reaches hard crack stage (285 degrees on a candy thermometer), about 1 1/2 hours.
Uncover and cook, without stirring, over high heat to 310 degrees or hard crack stage.
Use a candy thermometer to tell when the sugar has reached the "hard crack" stage (this is between 300 and 310 degrees F) (about 150 degrees C).
Put a candy thermometer in pan; cook until mixture just reaches the hard-crack stage (320 degrees), 20 to 30 minutes.
Toffee's texture, its inimitable crunch, depends on cooking the sugar and butter mixture until it just about reaches the hard-crack stage, 300 degrees, a measurement best not left to old-fashioned methods like dropping a dollop of roiling caramel into a cup of cold water and judging by touch.
The correlation between the crack sealing degree (crack closure) and water absorption reduction can be described well by a linear function.
The crack sealing degree decreases with the increase in crack width, and only fine cracks of 10 20 μm can be healed completely.
The impedance spectra of the affixed and embedded PZT piezoelectric sensors show the similar variation regularity with increasing the structural crack damage degree.
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