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It introduces compressive stresses that produce crack closure effect.
These factors enhance roughness-induced crack closure.
Furthermore, plastic zone and crack closure effects were studied.
The crack closure is taken into consideration.
Crack closure upon unloading had no place.
Fracture characteristics of graphene/polymer nanocomposites were investigated in conjunction with the virtual crack closure technique.
In the present modelling, crack closure has never been detected.
Crack closure phenomenon is directly observed and measured.
Therefore the crack closure concept seems to be valid.
The analysis is based on Elber's crack closure model.
The experimental data bear clear evidence of fatigue crack closure.
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