The additional deformation due to shear cracks calculated by the proposed model is then used to predict the overall deformations of such beams up to failure.
The stress intensity factor (SIF) of horizontal cracks, calculated by FE analysis, increased by the existence of vertical cracks.
The stiffness of element with an open crack is calculated from fracture mechanics and the stiffness of element with a breathing crack is modeled as a time dependent stiffness matrix using the stiffness of the element with an open crack.
The strain energy release rate of the interfacial crack was calculated by the virtual crack extension method.
The effect of the putative initial length of the crack deflection and penetration, the elastic mismatch parameters and the thickness of the interface layer on the ratio of energy release rates for the deflected and penetrated crack was calculated by the virtual crack closure technique.
In LBB analyses, the critical crack length calculated by the J R curve of the standard high constraint specimen for pipes with shorter cracks is over-conservative, and the degree of conservatism increases with decreasing crack length θ, Rm and Rm/t.
The strain energy release rate for multiple delamination fronts and stress intensity factors for transverse cracks are calculated by the Virtual Crack Closure Technique and the Interaction Integral Method, respectively.
Theoretic displacements at the crack are calculated in accordance with European regulations for reinforced and pre-stressed concrete.
Corrosion and crack damages calculated by some empirical equations were subjected to the model.
Stress intensity factors of the crack are calculated by solving the equations numerically.
