Barry et al. [ 25], for instance, found that, in addition to HIA and CP, CU traits were necessary to distinguish a subgroup of psychopathic-like children who showed a preference for thrill and adventure-seeking activities and exhibited a reward-dominant response style on laboratory tasks.
In the CP group, callous traits were negatively associated with responses to others' pain in AI and ACC.
Children with high CU traits and concomitant high levels of CP in childhood should be prioritized for targeted intervention.
1 All but one of the contrasts (CP-only v. HIA-CP) survived controls for gender and IQ. 2 All but one of the contrasts (HIA-only v. HIA-CP for CU traits) survived controls for gender and IQ. 3 The interaction term remained significant with inclusion of gender and IQ as covariates.
Compared with the children who followed a low trajectory of CU traits and CP, those who followed a high trajectory of CU traits and CP had more negative child- and family-level predictors at 4 years (including CP, hyperactivity, negative parental discipline, and chaos in the home).
The developmental trajectories were characterized with teachers' ratings of CU traits and CP from ages 7 to 12. Using general growth mixture modeling, we identified four trajectories of CU traits (stable high, increasing, decreasing, and stable low) and two trajectories of CP (high and low).
Using a large sample of children followed longitudinally from the Twins Early Development Study (N=9,578), we described the joint developmental trajectories of CU traits and CP during childhood (between ages 7 and 12) and examined the child- and family-level predictors (4 years old) and concomitant outcomes (12 years old) associated with the trajectories.
To address our second aim, we explored dimensional contributions of CU traits and CP symptoms to ROI responses.
These results complement recent findings [ 21] showing opposing unique contributions of CU traits and CP symptoms to neural response in the amygdala.
Third, the finding that callous traits and CP symptoms show opposing relationships with ACC response suggests a potential explanation for mixed reports of hyperactivation [ 6] and hypoactivation [ 28] of ACC to negative affective stimuli in CP.
