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Some studies have used overt production tasks, whereas others have used covert tasks.
Political pressure forced the dissolution of the old Vostok but, as regional security analyst Mark Galeotti argues in a recent blog post, it may have been reformed for covert tasks in Ukraine.
Conscripted to carry out covert tasks for the U.S. as part of a Cold War initiative, much of her time in the pilot is spent trying to swap out a passport in a Russian's briefcase.
This should be reflected by systematic differences in the pattern of spatial cueing effects on visual ERPs observed for the Saccade and Covert tasks, with cueing effects in the Combined task possibly reflecting the joint contribution of the effects observed in the two 'pure' tasks.
Although it is possible that the verb generation task used here is not optimal for activating posterior temporal language regions, recent studies report greater planum temporale activation during productive (including covert) tasks than purely receptive language tasks (reviewed in Zheng, 2009; Buchsbaum et al., 2011).
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To investigate the central claim made by the premotor theory of attention that attention shifts and saccade preparation are mediated by shared control mechanisms, we recorded ERPs under conditions in which central symbolic spatial cues indicated the direction of a covert endogenous attentional shift (Covert task), the direction of an upcoming eye movement (Saccade task) or both (Combined task).
However, the Bush Administration unilaterally determined after 9/11 that intelligence operations conducted by the military — including the Pentagon's covert task forces — for the purposes of "preparing the battlefield" could be authorized by the President, as Commander-in-Chief, without telling Congress.
These results confirm the presence of covert task-relevant responses to speech during sleep and extend the finding in the semantic decision from experiment 1 to the classification of lexical properties during the NREM2 state.
Greater activity in brain regions involved with consonance, orbitofrontal cortex (listening task), subcallosal cingulate (covert production task) were also present for singing over speech.
Greater activity for the singing over the speech condition for both the listening and covert production tasks was found in the right planum temporale.
The conjunction of passive listening and covert production tasks used in this study allow for general neural processes underlying both perception and production to be discerned that are not exclusively a result of stimulus induced auditory processing nor to low level articulatory motor control.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com