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To investigate the central claim made by the premotor theory of attention that attention shifts and saccade preparation are mediated by shared control mechanisms, we recorded ERPs under conditions in which central symbolic spatial cues indicated the direction of a covert endogenous attentional shift (Covert task), the direction of an upcoming eye movement (Saccade task) or both (Combined task).
The results obtained in the Covert task confirmed numerous previous findings (cf. Eason, 1981; Mangun and Hillyard, 1991; Eimer, 1994) that covert shifts of visual attention result in modulations of P1 and N1 components, as well as in a sustained attentional negativity at longer latencies (see Figs. 4 and 5).
However, the Bush Administration unilaterally determined after 9/11 that intelligence operations conducted by the military — including the Pentagon's covert task forces — for the purposes of "preparing the battlefield" could be authorized by the President, as Commander-in-Chief, without telling Congress.
The Covert task used standard endogenous attentional orienting procedures.
In the Covert task, cues also triggered endogenous attentional orienting, but eye movements were not allowed.
Voice onset times in the Covert task were measured with a voice key.
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Some studies have used overt production tasks, whereas others have used covert tasks.
Political pressure forced the dissolution of the old Vostok but, as regional security analyst Mark Galeotti argues in a recent blog post, it may have been reformed for covert tasks in Ukraine.
Conscripted to carry out covert tasks for the U.S. as part of a Cold War initiative, much of her time in the pilot is spent trying to swap out a passport in a Russian's briefcase.
These results confirm the presence of covert task-relevant responses to speech during sleep and extend the finding in the semantic decision from experiment 1 to the classification of lexical properties during the NREM2 state.
Although it is possible that the verb generation task used here is not optimal for activating posterior temporal language regions, recent studies report greater planum temporale activation during productive (including covert) tasks than purely receptive language tasks (reviewed in Zheng, 2009; Buchsbaum et al., 2011).
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