Exact(10)
But when the Ukrainian government began to make headway in early summer, Russia had regular forces near the border to provide a calibrated (and still relatively covert) response.It is hard to tell how many Russian troops have seen action in Ukraine, as their vehicles and uniforms carry no identifiers.
However, during motor imagery, participants know in advance when a covert response is to be made and it is thus surprising such additional motor-command inhibition is needed.
There may well be a place for a well-chosen covert response in the future, at — as the president is fond of saying — "a time and place of our choosing".
In contrast, for the covert response mode, no task-specific action rules are formed and decision rules do not include mode-specific information (e.g., if smaller than 5, left).
In other words, subjects were processing the prime stimuli all the way up to the point of preparing a (covert) response to the subliminal prime.
Many of these studies use a covert response (inner speech) as the preferable response mode, apparently assuming that overt and inner speech differ only in the articulatory motor component present in overt speech.
Similar(50)
The advantage of the covert responses was therefore that we were able to minimize these artifacts.
However, given that the P2 component increased in both overt and covert responses, Potts [ 8] suggested that P2a is related to task-relevant stimuli processing in the stimulus evaluation operation rather than to the selection of motor responses.
Others have trained participants to make additional covert responses to target items in order to enhance their relative salience, thereby reducing the attentional resources available for processing of probes and irrelevants (Mertens & Allen, 2008).
Some have involved training participants on covert responses to irrelevant control items (e.g. Rosenfeld et al., 2004, 2008; Meixner & Rosenfeld, 2010), with the aim of increasing P300s to irrelevants and thus making probes and irrelevants more similar.
On the one side, because the strong inhibition of motor neurons during REM sleep involves only subcortical structures (such as the locus coeruleus, which targets motor neurons in the spinal cord), and given the relatively preserved information processing capabilities during this stage [ 36], one might still expect similar covert responses as found here.
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