Exact(3)
The existing evidence is suggestive, however, none of the studies have directly compared preparatory indices for overt (execution) and covert (imagined) movements within one experiment.
For instance, many studies have established that neural structures, including the parietal and prefrontal cortices, the supplementary motor area, the premotor and the primary motor cortices, the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and for some motor tasks the spinal cord, are activated during both overt (executed) and covert (imagined) actions [1] [3].
The present study therefore aimed to (1) affirm the notion of functional similarity for preparatory activity during the anticipation of overt (executed) and covert (imagined) movements when the two different modes are compared within the same experiment, and (2) test the hypothesis that the assumption of similarity during motor preparation extends to task complexity.
Similar(57)
In the research area of mental practice, Courtine et al (2004) also demonstrated that, regardless whether the imagined movement (covert motor practice) and actual movement trials were blocked or interleaved, average imagined movement times did not differ [5].
The covert state of imagining an action appears to stimulate the same collaries or motor areas as overt action, i.e. motor cortex, the cerebellum, and basal ganglia (Jeannerod, 2001).
Continuous pointing is ideally suited for uncovering the covert, online processes that occur during imagined movements.
A mythical covert government agency of the United States code-named Majestic 12 is often imagined to be the shadow government which collaborates with the alien occupation and permits alien abductions, in exchange for assistance in the development and testing of military "flying saucers" at Area 51, in order for United States armed forces to achieve full-spectrum dominance.
These studies have shown that executed and imagined movement durations are very similar for various motor tasks, suggesting that common cognitive processes are shared between overt and covert stages of motor actions [4] [7].
However, if activity during imagined movements serves as a mechanism for the 'covert rehearsal' of activity during overt movements, then dynamics might still be present (but might be, for example, orthogonal to patterns of activity that drive motor output).
To imagine Putin engaging Trump in a covert alliance is to see the discipline and coherence of a master strategist where there is, most likely, the opportunism and appetite for risk of a high-stakes gambler.
The legal justifications for the covert attack on Iran's nuclear centrifuges remains secret, but it is easy to imagine how both Presidents Bush and Obama approved the operation — it was probably sold as novel, exciting, non-lethal, covert, and effective in ways that nothing else could be.
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