Alcyonarians covered >85% of substrate in some places, many hundreds of colonies were evident.
Presence of seedlings: absence or presence of seedlings in the proximity of a mother plant and if present, their origin (sexual or asexual); distance from the nearby adults, abundance or surface area covered, type of substrate, humidity, light, presence of parasites, attractiveness to birds.
Quantitative estimates on the percentage of cover of benthic substrates from 60 ground truthed sites were used to perform a cluster analysis using the Bray Curtis similarity index.
A "redox-flexible" reagentless amperometric biosensor that can function either in oxidation or reduction and can cover large ranges of substrate concentrations has been developed for glucose measurements.
At the time of the May 2006 deployment, a macrophyte community dominated by Agarum clathratum (sieve kelp) and Laminaria saccharina (sugar kelp) covered approximately 20 percent of substrate adjacent to the artificial reef.
We applied spectral mixture analysis to Landsat TM images from 1986 to 2009 at 4 time steps to estimate the fractional cover of vegetation, shade, substrate, and non-photosynthetic vegetation endmembers within each image.
Monitoring studies show that non-calcified macroalgae cover a greater percentage of substrate than corals on many high latitude reef sites.
We aim to disentangle the importance of substrate, cover, humidity, basking opportunity and individual phenotype on moving tendencies in 12 treatment combinations, at which each lizard was tested.
We consider nc, ns, and nf as the refractive index of cover, substrate, and film regions, respectively.
A 1 mL reaction mixture in a test tube was overlaid with 1 mL of hexane immediately after addition of substrate, covered with aluminum foil, and incubated for 12 15 min at 30 °C.
