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The model was inverted to recover three forest canopy variables: forest cover, leaf area index, and a soil reflectance parameter.
We developed new methods for deriving model inputs (i.e., land cover, leaf area, and photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by plant canopies) from airborne laser altimetry (LiDAR) and Quickbird multispectral data at resolutions ranging from about 30 m to 1 km.
We present a 3D modeling approach to assess the robustness of remotely derived spectrometric equations predictive of forest chemistry (cellulose, lignin, proteins) to structural variables (tree ground cover, leaf area index: LAI, understory) and to the view direction.
Using only nadir data, the root mean squared error (RMSE) for the forest cover, leaf area index, and the soil reflectance parameter were 0.025, 0.23, and 0.15, respectively, and using the "best" view directions (2 5) were 0.021, 0.21, and 0.11, respectively.
Results showed limited ability of Landsat-class satellites to uncover the full gradient of forest degradation in this biome due to similarity in canopy structure as characterized by effective canopy cover, leaf area index, and angular profile of canopy gap fraction.
We tested hypotheses about logging-induced changes on environmental condition (canopy cover, leaf litter and soil texture), community metrics (e.g. dung beetle species richness and biomass) and beetle-mediated faecal-detritus processing; and on the importance of the environment for beetle communities and functional processes.
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For each bouton, the covered-leaf pruning (CLP) (Fig. 4b) successfully removed all the branches, except the most representative one.
After covered-leaf node pruning, the reconstruction is already succinct, in the sense that all neuron regions have been reached by a minimum number of leaf nodes.
The covered-leaf node pruning and INP steps always have an order of magnitude of reduction of the total reconstruction node number.
For these sparsely vegetated sites during this dry year (1997), we found that the SAR signal was not significantly attenuated by sparse green vegetation cover (green leaf area index<0.35) and dense standing brown vegetation cover (brown leaf area index up to 1.5).
They "fill intercostal areas" and "cover the leaf lamina" or "form the vein field mesh or fabric of the leaf" (Ellis et al., 2009, p. 53).
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