The provincial justice system includes supreme courts, appellate courts, courts of first instance, and justices of the peace.
Below these are courts of first instance, courts of judicial proceedings (which do not pass sentences), penal courts, and municipal courts.
Other than those minor cases, district and family courts are the courts of first instance—except for cases involving insurrection, which are tried in the high courts.
There are also civil, criminal, and commercial courts that are organized into courts of first instance, appeals courts, and a Supreme Court, which is chaired by the sultan.
With the adoption of the 1911 Judicial Code, the circuit courts were abolished, and the district courts became the sole federal courts of first instance.
At present, there are two types of courts of first instance: general courts and summary courts dealing with lesser cases.
The place of jurisdiction for both parties shall be the competent lower court of first instance (Amtsgericht) at the Publisher's main place of business or the higher court of first instance (Landgericht) in Berlin.
The judiciary consists of courts of the first instance, courts of appeal, courts of cassation, and a Court of Justice that handles cases affecting state security.
